A bronze drum, c. 800 BC.Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the age.
Fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in and provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum. Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the have also been found at Dong Can, and from the Early at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet- cultivation and casting in the and floodplains led to the flourishing of the, notable for its elaborate bronze. At this time, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of and appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of, including, throughout the first millennium BC. Dynastic Vietnam. In 1913In the 1500s, the became acquainted with the Vietnamese coast, where they reportedly erected a on the to mark their presence.
By 1533, the Portuguese began to land in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave due to local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan. After having successfully settled and to begin the profitable Macau-Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with, where many Portuguese traders and missionaries set foot in the Vietnamese kingdom. The also tried to establish contact with Vietnam through the central part of Quinam in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals.
The (VOC) only managed to establish official relations with in the spring of 1637 after leaving in Japan to establish trade for. Meanwhile, in 1613 the first attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving their merchant. Eventually, they managed to establish relations with Tonkin by 1672, where they were allowed to reside in.Between 1615 and 1753, French traders also engaged in trade in the area around and actively dispersed missionaries. The Vietnamese kingdom began to feel threatened by continuous activities, and following the detention of several missionaries, the received approval from their government to intervene in Vietnam in 1834, with the aim of freeing imprisoned Catholic missionaries from a kingdom that was perceived as. Vietnam's sovereignty was gradually, which was aided by the and large Catholic militias in a series of military conquests between 1859 and 1885.In 1862, the southern third of the country became the French colony of. By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of.
The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of in 1887. The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education was developed and Catholicism was propagated widely. Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in, and in, the capital of the colony.
Built for the 1902–1903 as became French Indochina's capital.Guerrillas of the royalist massacred around a third of Vietnam's Christian population during the colonial period as part of their rebellion against French rule, but were defeated in the 1890s after a decade of resistance by the Catholics as a reprisal of their earlier massacres. Another large-scale rebellion, the, was also suppressed heavily. The French developed a to promote the export of,.
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However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights. A popular beach destination has a.Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in topographical relief, the climate tends to vary considerably for each region.
During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture. The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between 21 and 35 °C (69.8 and 95.0 °F) over the course of the year. In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between 15 and 33 °C (59.0 and 91.4 °F), while seasonal variations in the mountains and plateaus and in the northernmost are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from 3 °C (37.4 °F) in December and January to 37 °C (98.6 °F) in July and August. As Vietnam received high rain with an average amount of rainfall from 1,500 millimetres to 2,000 millimetres during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems. The country is also affected by,. Vietnam is one of world's most vulnerable countries to climate change with 55% of the population living in low-elevation coastal areas.
Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right:,.As the country is located inside the, Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of as also been stated in the country National Environmental Condition Report in 2005. It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of have been identified in the country, of which 10% are endemic, while Vietnam's include 307 species, 200, 145, 113, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, 120 amphibians, 840 birds and 310 mammals, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic. Vietnam has two, the and together with nine including, the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta,. Mountain hills with.In Vietnam, had become a main issue for their wildlife. Since 2000, a (NGO) called has been founded to instill the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.
Following this, the seeds of the conservation movement starting to bloom with the foundation of another NGO called GreenViet by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGO and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates managed to be crippled with the arrestment of their leaders. As Vietnam have also become the main destination for horn illegal export from, a study in 2018 found the demands are due to medical and health-related reasons.The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam until present is the chemical legacy of that causing and many health problems towards Vietnamese residents especially in the southern and central areas that was affected most by the chemicals with nearly 4.8 million Vietnamese have been exposed. In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war, the United States began to start a $43 million joint clean up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam that was heavily affected with each clearance will be done through several phases.
Following the completion of the first phase in in late 2017, the United States announced its further commitment to clean other sites especially in another heavily impact site of which is four times larger than the previous site with an additional estimate cost of $390 million. Main articles: andVietnam is a, one of the two (the other being ) in. Although Vietnam remains officially committed to as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly, with characterising its leadership as 'ardently capitalist communists'. Under the, the (CPV) asserts their role in all branches of politics and society in the country. The is the elected and the of the military, serving as the Chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy. The building in HanoiThe is the of the state, composed of 498 members.
The legislature is open to all parties. Headed by a, it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly. The, headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest, though it is also answerable to the National Assembly.
Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the and numerous. Possess special jurisdiction in matters of national security. Vietnam maintains the for numerous offences. Foreign relations. US Secretary of State accompanies US President to a commercial deals signing ceremony with Vietnamese President on 12 November 2017.Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties. Following the partition of Vietnam, the relations were divided between relations with the for North Vietnam, and the for South Vietnam. Despite the differences, Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries since before its independence, such as the 11th-century patriotic poem ' ' and the 1428 proclamation of independence ' '.
Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace, in the South China Sea remain between the two countries. Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the (UN), (ASEAN), (NAM), (La Francophonie), and (WTO).
It also maintains relations with over 650 non-government organisations. Until 2010, Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement the policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well the openness and diversification/ of international relations, with the country further declaring itself as a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperation, especially in country development. Since the 1990s, several key steps have been taken by Vietnam to restore diplomatic ties with. Relations with the United States in August 1995 with both nations upgrading their offices to embassy status. As diplomatic ties between the two nations grew, the United States opened a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City while Vietnam opened in.
Full diplomatic relations were also restored with, who opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995, while Vietnam established an embassy in in 2003. Also reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000 with Vietnam reopening their embassy in in December 2005 and trade office in in November 2005. In May 2016, US President further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam. Examples of the weaponry assets. Clockwise from top right:, and chemical corps with.The consists of the, the and the Vietnam Civil Defence Force. The Vietnam People's Army (VPA) is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the, the, the, the and the.
The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000. In 2015, Vietnam's totalled approximately US$4.4 billion, equivalent to around 8% of their total government spending. Joint military exercises and war games also being held with, Laos, and the United States.
In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the. Administrative divisions. Of Vietnam export in 2012Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been largely on based on. There is also an industry for, an important material for the production of.
Since reunification, the country economy is shaped primarily by the (CPV) through the which are being decided from the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as components in establishing central planning, with millions of people working in state enterprises.
Despite strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued with inefficiency and, poor quality and underproduction. With the decrease of Soviet economic aid as the main trading partners for Vietnam following the erosion of the in the late 1980s and subsequent in addition to the negative impacts from the post-war imposed by the United States, Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by its exchange rate to increase exports and embark on a policy of economic development. Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the located in,.In 1986, the of the CPV introduced economic reforms as part of the reform program with began to be encouraged in industries, commerce and agriculture and state enterprises were to operate under market constraints, resulting the old-fashioned five-year economic plans are being replaced with the socialist-oriented market mechanism. As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved around 8% annual (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997, with the United States also ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994. Despite the affecting Vietnam and causing economic slow down to 4–5% growth, its economy began to recover in 1999, with growth at an annual rate of around 7% from 2000 to 2005 and making the country as one of the world's fastest growing economies. According to (GSO), growth remained strong even in the face of the, holding at 6.8% in 2010, although Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate hit 11.8% in December 2010 with the country currency, the are being devalued three times. Terraced rice fields inAs a result of several measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products.
It is now the world's largest producer of nuts, with a one-third global share; the largest producer of, accounting for one-third of the world's market; and the second-largest exporter in the world after since the 1990s. Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of. The country has the highest proportion of land use for together with other nations in the. Other primary exports include, and fishery products although agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen.Science and technology. Vietnamese science students making an in their university lab.According to the, Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP for science research and development in 2011. Between 2005 and 2014, the number of scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.
Publications focus mainly on (22%), (13%) and (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding. Almost 77% of all papers published between 2008 and 2014 had at least one international co-author. The autonomy which Vietnamese research centres have enjoyed since the mid-1990s has enabled many of them to operate as quasi-private organisations, providing services such as consulting and technology development. Some have 'spun off' from the larger institutions to form their own semi-private enterprises, fostering the transfer of public sector science and technology personnel to these semi-private establishments. One comparatively new university, the which built in 1997 has already set up 13 centres for technology transfer and services that together produce 15% of university revenue. Many of these research centres serve as valuable intermediaries bridging public research institutions, universities, and firms.
Main articles:, andMuch of Vietnam's modern transportation network traced its roots since the French colonial era where it was used to facilitate the transportation of to main ports before being extensively expanded and modernised following the partition of Vietnam. Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level, urban roads managed by cities and towns and commune roads managed at the commune level.
In 2010, Vietnam road system has a total length of about 188,744 kilometres (117,280 mi) with 93,535 kilometres (58,120 mi) are road comprising national, provincial and district roads. The national road system length is about 15,370 kilometres (9,550 mi) with 15,085 kilometres (9,373 mi) of its length are paved, the provincial road has around 27,976 kilometres (17,383 mi) paved road while district road has 50,474 kilometres (31,363 mi) paved road. Main article:Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications General Corporation (now the Group) which is a company. The VNPT retained its monopoly until 1986 before the telecom sector being reformed in 1995 when the Vietnamese government started to implement a competitive policy with the creation of two domestic telecommunication companies, the Military Electronic and Telecommunication Company ( which is wholly owned by the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence) and the Saigon Post and Telecommunication Company (SPT or SaigonPostel), with 18% of it are owned by VNPT. The whole monopoly by VNPT was finally removed by the government in 2003 with the issuance of a decree. By 2012, the top three major telecom operators in Vietnam is Viettel, and while the remaining is owned by, Vietnammobile. With the shift towards a more, Vietnam's telecommunications market is continuously being reformed to attract foreign investment which includes the supply of services and the establishment of telecom infrastructure nationwide.
Water supply and sanitation. In rural areas of Vietnam, are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.Vietnam has 2,360 rivers with an average annual discharge of 310 billion by which raining season accounts for 70% of the whole year discharge. Most urban systems in the country have been developed without proper management since the past 10 years.
Based on a 2008 survey by Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA), the existing water production capacity even exceeded the demand but the service coverage is still very low since most of clean water supply infrastructures are not much developed where it only been delivered to a small proportion of the population with about one third of 727 district towns having some form of piped water supply. Ho Chi Minh City's largest general hospitalBy 2015, 97% of the population had access to improved water sources. In 2016, Vietnam's national stood at 80.9 years for women and 71.5 for men, and the rate was 17 per 1,000 live births. Despite these improvements, is still common in the rural provinces.
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Since the partition, North Vietnam has established a public health system that reached down to the level. After the national reunification in 1975, a nationwide health service was established. In the late 1980s, the quality of healthcare declined to some degree as a result of budgetary constraints, a shift of responsibility to the provinces and the introduction of charges.
Inadequate funding has also contributed to a shortage of, and hospital beds; in 2000, Vietnam had only 24.7 hospital beds per 10,000 people before declining to 23.7 in 2005 as stated in the annual report of. The controversial use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by the during the war has left tangible, long-term that still persists in the country until present. For instance, it led to 3 million Vietnamese people suffering health problems, one million birth defects caused directly by exposure to the chemical and 24% of the area of Vietnam being defoliated.Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating, with the malaria mortality rate falling to about 5% of its 1990s equivalent by 2005 after the country introduced improved antimalarial drugs and treatment. (TB) cases however are on the rise which become the second most infectious diseases in the country after. With an intensified vaccination program, better hygiene and foreign assistance, Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number of TB cases and annual new TB infections.
In 2004, government subsidies covering about 15% of health care expenses. Along the same year, the United States announced that Vietnam would be one of 15 nations to receive funding as part of its global AIDS relief plan. By the following year, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 (HIV) cases, of which 16,528 progressed to (AIDS) with 9,554 have died. The actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher as on average as between 40–50 new infections are reported daily in the country. In 2007, 0.4% of the population is estimated to be infected with HIV and the figure has remained stable since 2005. More global aid are being delivered through to fight the spread of the diseases in the country.
In September 2018, the Hanoi People's Committee urged the citizens of the country to stop eating and as it can cause other diseases like and as more than 1,000 stores in the capital city of Hanoi are found to be selling both meats. The decision received positive comments among Vietnamese society on despite many still disagreed as it has been a habit that couldn't be resisted. In Hanoi, the first modern university in VietnamVietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges, and universities and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories:,. A large number of public schools have been constructed across the country to raise the national, which stood at 90% in 2008. Most universities are located in major cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City with the country education system continuously undergoing a series of reform by the government.
In the country is relatively free for the poor although some families may still have trouble paying tuition fees for their children without some form of public or private assistance. Regardless, school enrolment is among the highest in the world, and the number of colleges and universities increased dramatically in the 2000s from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005. In higher education, the government provide subsidised loans for students through national bank although there are deep concerns about its access as well the burdens among students in repaying. Since 1995, enrolment in higher education has grown tenfold to over 2.2 million with 84,000 lecturers and 419 institutions of higher education.
A number of foreign universities operate private campuses in Vietnam, including (USA) and the (Australia). The government's strong commitment to education has fostered significant growth but still need to be sustained to retain academics. In 2018, a decree on university autonomy to operate independently without a ministry control above their heads are in its final stages of approval with the government will continue to invest in education especially for the poor to have access on basic education.
Performed by one of. PopulationYearMillion10.6As of 2016, the population of Vietnam is standing at approximately 94.6 million people. The population had grown significantly from the 1979 census, which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to be 52.7 million. In 2012, the country's population was estimated at approximately 90.3 million. Based on the 2009 census, 70.4% of the Vietnamese population are living in rural areas while only 29.6% living in urban areas although the average growth rate of the urban population have recently increasing which mainly attributed to migration and rapid urbanisation. The dominant or Kinh ethnic group constituted nearly 73.6 million people or 85.8% of the population, with most of their population is concentrated mainly in the and coastal plains of the country. As a majority ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.
Despite this, Vietnam is also home to other 54 ethnic minority groups, including the,. Many ethnic minorities such as the who are closely related to the Kinh dwell in the highlands which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.Other uplanders in the north migrated from southern China between the 1300s and 1800s. Since the partition of Vietnam, the population of the was almost exclusively (including over 40 tribal groups); however, the South Vietnamese government at the time enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas. The (ethnic ) and people are mainly lowlanders. Throughout Vietnam history, many Chinese people mainly from migrated to the country as administrators, merchants and even refugees.
Since the reunification in 1976 with the increase of communist policies nationwide that resulting the nationalisation of property and subsequently causing many rich people property in the city especially among the Hoa in the south are being confiscated by the government, this has led many of them to leave Vietnam. Furthermore, with the deteriorating as a result of by Chinese government in 1979 which added by doubtful among Vietnamese society on the Chinese government intention had indirectly causing more Hoa people in the north to leave the country. Urbanisation in west HanoiA study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-migrants in urban areas which also leads to changes in economic structures. In 1985, agriculture took up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; nevertheless, in 2008, that number went down to 18.5%, a decreasing of 18.7%. In 1985, the industry took only a small fraction of Vietnam GDP, around 26.2%. But in 2008, that number has increased up to 43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services which increase people's standards of living.
Access to electricity has increased tremendously from 14% of total households having electricity in 1993 to above 96% in 2009. In terms of accessing to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies show that only 12% of households in the area covered by the companies had access to the water network in 2002.
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By 2007, more than 70% of the population in the area was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, air, and water pollution.Since Vietnam has a big consumption of in their transportation due to the relatively cheap and easy to commute, large numbers of mopeds have been known for causing traffic and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the consumption of mopeds has increased from 0.5 million in 2001 to 4.7 million in 2013. With the rapid development, factories have sprung up rapidly which indirectly polluting air and water as been exampled from the caused by the which killing many fish and marine habitats in Vietnamese waters and directly causing major losses to the country economy. There are some government's interventions and solutions trying to decrease air pollution by decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation and having more regulations for factories to handle their. Although the authorities also have a time schedules for collecting different types of waste, waste disposal has become another problem of urbanisation since the amount of solid waste generated in urban areas has increased unimaginably by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste alone took up 181% of that 200%.
One of the government's efforts is trying to promote campaigns to encourage the locals to sort since are still not been practised entirely by most Vietnamese society. Traditional.The, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language, especially among the older generation and those educated in the former, where it was a principal language in administration, education, and commerce. Vietnam remains a full member of the (La Francophonie) and education has revived some interest in the language.
And to a much lesser extent, and are known among some northern Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. With improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in Vietnamese administration, has been increasingly used as a second language and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of French. The popularity of and have also grown as the country's ties with other East Asian nations have strengthened. (VTV), the mainVietnam's media sector is regulated by the government in accordance with the 2004 Law on Publication. It is generally perceived that the country media sector is controlled by the government to follow the official communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.
The (VOV) is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company. Since 1997, Vietnam has extensively regulated public access using both legal and technical means. The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the '.
The collaborative project classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be 'pervasive', while (RWB) considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global 'internet enemies'. Though the government of Vietnam maintains that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexual explicit content, many political and religious sensitive websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked. Holidays and festivals. Vietnam News Agency.
15 January 2014.